Glossary
Suggested citation: Aksel, D. & Şenel, G. (2024). Emigrant Policy Regimes (EMIGPOL) Glossary (Version 1.0).
Available at: https://www.emigpol.com/glossary.
PDF of the print version will be available shortly.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
acquisition of nationality (tr: vatandaşlığın kazanılması)
The process by which an individual becomes a national of a state, whether by birth or at any time after birth. Nationality can be acquired through automatic attribution, such as by birth on a state’s territory (jus soli) or descent from a national of that state (jus sanguinis). It can also be acquired through non-automatic means, including individual declaration, registration, option, application, or by public authorities’ decisions, such as naturalization or as the result of the ceding of territory from one state to another. The specific rules governing the acquisition of nationality vary according to each state’s legal framework.
See also citizenship, jus sanguinis, jus soli, nationality, naturalization, loss of nationality.
Source: Adapted from GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. International Justice Resource Center. (n.d.). Citizenship & Nationality. https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/; Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on Migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
assisted voluntary return and reintegration (tr: destekli gönüllü dönüş ve yeniden entegrasyon)
Administrative, logistical, financial and reintegration support to rejected asylum-seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, stranded migrants, qualified nationals, and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country who volunteer to return to their countries of origin. In the context of assisted voluntary return and reintegration, voluntariness is assumed to exist if two conditions apply: (a) freedom of choice, which is defined by the absence of physical or psychological pressure to enroll in an assisted voluntary return and reintegration program; and (b) an informed decision which requires the availability of timely, unbiased, and reliable information upon which to base the decision.
See also forced return, return migration, voluntary return.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
asylum-seeker (tr: sığınmacı)
An individual who is seeking international protection. In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum-seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every recognized refugee is initially an asylum-seeker.
See also right to asylum.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
agreement concerning avoidance of double taxation (tr: çifte vergilendirmeyi önleme anlaşması)
An agreement between two or more countries, designed to ameliorate the legal and financial consequences to taxpayers who have income that is taxable by two nations.
Source: Adapted from Garner, B. A., & Black, H. C. (2009). Black’s law dictionary (9th Ed). West.; Cambridge University. (n.d.). Double taxation treaty. In Cambridge.com dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/double-taxation-treaty.
agreement for reciprocal promotion and protection of investments (tr: karşılıklı yatırımların korunması ve teşviki anlaşması)
A bilateral agreement between two countries regarding promotion and protection of investments made by investors from respective countries in each other’s territory. Agreements for reciprocal promotion and protection of investments are a type of international investment agreements. In some cases, states may regulate the issue of reciprocal investments within broader economic cooperation agreements (for instance, free trade agreements).
Source: Adapted from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Investment Policy Hub. (n.d.). International investment agreements database, terminology. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements.
B
bilateral labor agreements (tr: ikili işgücü göçü anlaşmaları)
Formal mechanisms concluded between states, which are essentially legally binding commitments concerned with inter-state cooperation on labor migration. The term is also used to describe less formal arrangements regulating the movement of workers between countries entered into by states as well as a range of other actors, including individual ministries, employer organizations, etc.
See also emigration policies, labor migration, migrant worker, temporary migrant workers, temporary migration.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
brain circulation (tr: beyin dolaşımı)
The effect of the movement of skilled migrants among their countries of origin and other countries, bearing their knowledge and skills which can benefit countries of origin as well as countries of permanent or temporary destination.
See also brain drain, brain gain.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
brain drain (tr: beyin göçü)
Depletion of human capital in a specific occupation or economic sector resulting from the emigration of skilled workers engaged in this occupation or sector from the country of origin to another country (or from one region of a country to another – internal migration).
See also brain circulation, brain gain.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
brain gain (tr: beyin gücü kazanımı)
From the perspective of a country of destination, immigration of skilled workers into the country resulting in the acquisition of human capital. From the perspective of a country of origin, the positive spillover effects of the emigration of highly skilled workers such as brain circulation, or the motivational effects of migration that spur aspiring migrants to acquire further skills. Brain gain also occurs when migrants return back to their country or communities of origin and bring back with them new skills and knowledge acquired in migration.
See also brain circulation, brain drain.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
brain waste (tr: beyin kaybı)
In the migration context, either in the host country or upon return, in the country of origin, the under-employment or unemployment of migrant workers who are unable to find jobs matching their skill level, owing to, for example, the lack of skills recognition, informality of employment relations or discrimination.
See also deskilling, highly skilled migrant.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
C
circular migration (tr: döngüsel göç)
A form of migration in which people repeatedly move back and forth between two or more countries.
See also migration, international migration, labor migration.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
citizen (tr: vatandaş)
A member of a particular political community with entitlement to exercise formal civic rights and duties as well as opportunities to participate actively in political decision making.
See also citizenship, dual/multiple citizenship, dual/multiple nationality, nationality.
Source: Adapted from Bauböck, R. (2009). The rights and duties of external citizenship. Citizenship studies, 13 (5), 475-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020903174647https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020903174647; Pedroza, L. & Palop-Garcia, P. (2017). The grey area between nationality and citizenship: an analysis of external citizenship policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Citizenship Studies, 21(5), 587-605.
citizenship (tr: vatandaşlık)
A legal status and relation between an individual and a state or other territorial polity (such as the European Union, a federal province, or only partially recognized states) that entails specific legal rights and duties. Although nationality is the term more often encountered in international law, at the national level, both the terms nationality and citizenship are - generally treated as synonyms. Where citizenship is used in a meaning that is different from nationality it refers to the legal rights and duties of individuals attached to nationality under domestic law. It can be acquired by birth or naturalisation, whether by declaration, choice, marriage or other means according to national legislation. In some national laws, citizenship has a more specific meaning and refers to rights and duties that can only be exercised by nationals after the age of majority (such as voting rights) or to rights and duties that nationals can only exercise in the national territory.
See also citizen, dual/multiple citizenship, dual/multiple nationality, nationality.
Source: Adapted from GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf; Bauböck, R. (2009). The rights and duties of external citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 13 (5), 475-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020903174647; European Migration Network. (2023). European Migration Network asylum and migration glossary (Version 10.0). https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary_en.
conscription (tr: zorunlu askerlik)
Compulsory enrollment of persons especially for military service.
Source: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Conscription. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conscription.
consular registration (ing: konsolosluk kaydı)
Inscription in a consular register of a national of that State’s principal details (identity, family situation, place of residence, etc.). The object of consular registration is to facilitate the action of the consular mission, particularly the exercise of consular protection.
See also consular services, right to consular protection and assistance.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
consular services (tr: konsolosluk hizmetleri)
Any service provided by the sending state to its non-resident citizens, either face-to-face or electronically and in accordance with the in Article 5 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, or any other functions which are not prohibited by the laws and regulations of the receiving state or to which no objection is taken by the receiving state or which are referred to in the international agreements in force between the sending state and the receiving state. Examples: issuing travel documents, acting as notary and civil registrar and in capacities of a similar kind, performing certain functions of an administrative nature, consular protection, transmitting judicial and extrajudicial documents, executing rogatory letters or commissions to take evidence for the courts of the sending state, establishing a polling station or providing assistance for voting in elections of the sending state.
See also consular registration, right to consular protection and assistance.
Source: Adapted from GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
country of destination (tr: hedef ülke)
A country that is the destination for a person or a group of persons, irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregularly.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
country of origin (tr: köken ülke, menşe (kaynak) ülke)
A country of nationality or of former habitual residence of a person or group of persons who have migrated abroad, irrespective of whether they migrate regularly or irregularly.
See also home country.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
country of usual residence (tr: mutat/olağan ikamet ülkesi)
The country in which a person has his or her usual or habitual residence. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) defines a country of usual residence as: “The country in which a person lives, that is to say, the country in which he or she has a place to live where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest” (Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1 (1998) p. 92).
See also domicile, residence.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
D
denationalization (tr: vatandaşlıktan çıkarılma)
Non-consensual withdrawal of an individual’s nationality by their own state, rendering them a non-citizen and ending their associated rights and entitlements. Denationalization is a unilateral act of a state, whether by decision of administrative authorities or by the operation of law, which deprives an individual of his or her nationality.
See also deprivation of nationality, loss of nationality.
Source: Adapted from Gibney, M. (2017). Denationalization. In A. Shachar, R. Bauböck, I. Bloemraad & M. Vink (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of citizenship (pp-358-382). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805854.013.16; Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
departure tax (tr: çıkış vergisi)
A tax that is levied when a person is departing a country by land, sea, or air.
See also departure fee.
Source: Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). Departure tax. In Vocabulary.com Dictionary. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/departure tax.
departure fee (tr: yurt dışı çıkış harcı)
The fee taken by the state of origin from its citizens while they depart the country.
See also departure tax.
deprivation of nationality (tr: vatandaşlıktan mahrum bırakma)
The unilateral act of a state, whether by the decision of administrative authorities or by the operation of law, which deprives an individual of his or her nationality.
See also denationalization, loss of nationality.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
deskilling (tr: vasıfsızlaşma)
In the migration context, the loss or decline of a migrant’s skills and/or knowledge after a significant time of unemployment or employment at a lower skill level in the employment markets of the new country of residence and/or upon return, of the country of origin.
See also brain waste, highly skilled migrant, skilling.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
diaspora (tr: diaspora)
Migrants or descendants of migrants whose identity and sense of belonging, either real or symbolic, have been shaped by their migration experience and background. They maintain links with their homelands, and to each other, based on a shared sense of history, identity, or mutual experiences in the destination country.
See also diasporan, diasporic actor.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
diaspora bonds (tr: diaspora bonoları)
A diaspora bond is a debt instrument issued by a country - or potentially, a sub-sovereign entity or a private corporation - to raise financing from its overseas diaspora.
See also diaspora, economic remittances, remittances.
Source: Ketkar, S. L., & Ratha, D. (2007, August). Development finance via diaspora bonds track record and potential. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4311). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/867801468165874505/pdf/wps4311.pdf.
diaspora engagement policies (tr: diaspora kapsama politikaları, diaspora politikaları)
Diaspora engagement policies consist of a variety of government measures aimed at engaging, maintaining, or developing a relationship with their diaspora living abroad. These policies include ensuring the rights and protection of diaspora members and reinforcing national identity or sense of belonging, fostering strong relations, and facilitating diaspora contributions to a country’s social and economic development (i.e., remittances).
See also diaspora, emigrant enfranchisement, emigrant engagement policies, sending country policies.
Source: Migration Research Hub. (n.d.). Diaspora engagement policies. IMISCOE. https://migrationresearch.com/taxonomies/topics-migration-governance-migration-policy-and-law-diaspora-engagement-policies.
diaspora organizations (tr: diaspora örgütleri)
Groups founded by international migrants or their descendants that address various issues, possess a shared identity, can operate locally or transnationally, and range from informal networks to formalized associations like ethnic or migrant institutions.
See also hometown associations, transnational, transnational community.
Source: Adapted from Dijkzeul, D., & Fauser, M. (Eds.). (2020). Diaspora organizations in international affairs. Routledge.
diaspora politics (tr: diaspora siyaseti)
Diaspora politics refers to the dynamic interactions where diasporas, acting as linkage groups, influence the political affairs of both their homeland and host country, introducing homeland politics into their host country and offering external dimension and resources to their homeland’s political landscape.
See also diaspora, diasporic actors, diaspora organizations.
Source: Adapted from Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2001). Diasporas in world politics. In D. Josselin & W. Wallace (Eds.) Non-state actors in world politics (pp. 218-234). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
diasporan (tr: diaspora)
A member of a diaspora.
See also diaspora.
diasporic actors (tr: diasporik aktörler)
Diasporic actors are individuals who originate from a specific country, self-identify with that country, and maintain a significant cultural and social connection to it, including citizens, non-citizens, and first and second-generation emigrants.
See also diaspora.
Source: Adapted from Naujoks, D. (2017). The transnational political effects of diasporic citizenship in countries of destination: Overseas citizenship of India and political participation in the United States. In D. Carment & A. Sadjed (Eds.), Diaspora as cultures of cooperation. Migration, diasporas and citizenship (pp. 199-221). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32892-8_10.
domestic abroad (tr: yurt dışındaki yereller)
A term which conceptualizes the portrayal of emigrant communities as diasporas, fostered through institutionalized home state policies, symbolizing them as extensions of a territorially dispersed nation.
See also diaspora, diasporic actor, non-resident citizen.
Source: Adapted from Varadarajan, L. (2010). The domestic abroad: Diasporas in international relations. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733910.001.0001.
domicile (tr: ikametgâh)
The place at which a person is physically present, and that the person regards as home; a person’s true, fixed, principal, and permanent home, to which that person intends to return and remain even though currently residing elsewhere.
See also country of usual residence, residence.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
dual/multiple citizenship (tr: çifte/çoğul vatandaşlık)
See also dual/multiple nationality.
dual/multiple nationality (tr: çifte/çoğul vatandaşlık)
The legal status of holding nationality in two (or more) states. Individuals are recognized as members of each of these political communities. However, dual/multiple nationality does not always guarantee full political participation or rights in all states. In some cases, states may impose restrictions on dual nationals, limiting their political rights, such as voting or running for office, especially if they reside abroad. These restrictions serve to ensure that dual/multiple nationals maintain a genuine link with the state despite their absence. Therefore, dual/multiple nationality involves legal membership in multiple states but does not always translate into equal or unrestricted citizenship rights within each state.
See also dual/multiple citizenship, nationality, citizenship.
Source: Adapted from Pedroza, L. & Palop-Garcia, P. (2017). The grey area between nationality and citizenship: an analysis of external citizenship policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Citizenship Studies, 21(5), 587-605. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1316701.
E
economic remittances (tr: işçi dövizleri)
See also remittances, social remittances.
emigrant (tr: ülkeden göç eden kişi)
From the perspective of the country of departure, a person who moves from his or her country of nationality or usual residence to another country, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence.
See also emigration, exit, expatriate, immigrant, migrant, returnee.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
emigrant enfranchisement (tr: yurt dışı göçmene seçme hakkı verilmesi)
The process of granting voting rights to emigrants living abroad. Origin states may have enfranchisement laws that allow their emigrants diasporas to vote in one or more types of elections, such as referenda, local, presidential, and parliamentary elections. In line with these laws, emigrants may cast their votes in diverse ways: voting in person at embassies or consulates, by mail, electronically, or by traveling back to the country of citizenship nationality during the election period.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant engagement policies, extra-territorial voting, external voting rights, voting from abroad.
Source: Adapted from Turcu, A. (2018). Reactive limits to diaspora enfranchisement policies: A conceptual categorization. Diaspora Studies, 11(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2017.1331607; Umpierrez de Reguero, S., Finn, V., & Peltoniemi, J. (2023). Missing links in migrant enfranchisement studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(10), 2473–2499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182709.
emigrant engagement policies (tr: yurt dışı göçmen kapsama politikaları)
Strategies implemented by states to nurture social, political, economic, cultural and religious connections with their citizens abroad.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant enfranchisement, sending country policies.
Source: Adapted from Waterbury, M. A. (2018). Caught between nationalism and transnationalism: How Central and East European states respond to East–West emigration. International Political Science Review, 39(3), 338-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117753613; Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2016). Sending Country Policies. In B. Garcés-Mascareñas & R. Penninx (Eds.), Integration processes and policies in Europe (pp. 147-165). IMISCOE Research Series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21674-4_9.
emigrant policies (tr: yurt dışı göçmen politikaları)
See also emigrant engagement policies.
emigration (tr: ülkeden göç)
From the perspective of the country of departure, the act of moving from one’s country of nationality or usual residence to another country, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence.
See also emigrant, exit, expatriate, international migration, right to leave.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
emigration policies (tr: yurt dışına giden göçmen politikaları)
Laws, rules, measures, and practices implemented by national states with the objective to influence the volume, origin, destination, and internal composition of emigration flows.
See also bilateral labor agreements, emigrant, emigration, exit, right to leave, skilling.
Source: De Haas, H., & Vezzoli, S. (2011, April). Leaving matters: the nature, evolution and effects of emigration policies (International Migration Institute Working Papers Series, No. 34). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6632387d-eb4b-4edc-b212-4a8cfefa80dd.
exile (tr: sürgün)
The state or a period of forced absence from one’s country or home.
Source: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Exile. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exile.
exit (tr: ülkeden çıkış)
Departure from the country of origin.
See also emigration, international migration, right to leave.
Source: Adapted from Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Exit. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exit.
exit policies (tr: ülkeden çıkış politikaları)
See also emigration policies.
exit visa (tr: ülkeden çıkış vizesi)
An exit visa is a state-issued authorization that permits an individual to leave from a country. Home countries may grant this type of visa to their citizens to approve their departure from the country’s territories, while host countries may issue it to individuals with expired visas, who need to extend them before departing the country.
See also passport, travel documents, visa.
exodus (tr: kitlesel göç, toplu göç)
Movements in groups (isolated and sporadic) out of the country of origin. Mass exodus is a movement in large numbers or of a section of the community at a given time.
See also emigration, exit.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
expatriate (tr: yabancı ülkeye yerleşen kişi)
A person who voluntarily renounces his or her nationality. The term is also used colloquially to identify nationals who have taken up residence in a foreign country, such as employees of multinational companies or international civil servants.
See also emigrant, emigration, loss of nationality.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
expatriation (emigration) tax (tr: ülkeden çıkış vergisi)
A tax charged to an individual renouncing their citizenship or ending their long-term resident status, hence, ceasing to be a taxpayer in a country. It is usually based on the value of a taxpayer’s property.
See also departure tax.
external citizens (tr: yurt dışındaki vatandaşlar)
Citizens of the country under consideration who are abroad whether on a short-term or long-term basis, including those who have acquired their citizenship by extraterritorial jus sanguinis and have never resided in their country of citizenship.
See also diaspora, domestic abroad, external citizenship, non-resident citizens.
Source: GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/.
external citizenship (tr: yurt dışından vatandaşlık)
Refers to the status, rights and duties of all those who are temporarily or permanently outside the territory of a polity that recognizes them as members. External citizenship includes rights of temporary absentees (such as those to consular and diplomatic protection and return) as well as rights of non-resident citizens (such as voting rights in national elections).
See also external citizens, external voting rights, non-resident citizen, overseas citizen, right to consular protection and assistance, right to return.
Source: Adapted from GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/; Bauböck, R. (2009). The rights and duties of external citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 13(5), 475-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020903174647.
external voting rights (tr: yurt dışından oy hakkı)
The right to cast a vote while not being present in the country where the election is held by any means that does not require physical presence, including postal ballots, voting in embassies, consulates or special polling stations abroad, electronic voting and proxy voting. It should be distinguished from non-resident citizens‘ voting rights.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant enfranchisement, emigrant engagement policies, extra-territorial voting, non-resident citizens, out-of-country voting, voting from abroad.
Source: GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/
extradition (tr: suçluların iadesi)
The surrender by one state to the requesting state of an individual accused or convicted of a crime committed against the laws of the requesting state, which is competent to try the offender or to apply the sentence or detention order. The process of extradition is usually based on a combination of national legislation, bilateral treaties, and in some cases multilateral conventions (e.g., 1957 European Convention on Extradition).
See also transfer of sentenced persons.
Source: Adapted from Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
extra-territorial voting (tr: yurt dışından oy verme)
Provision allowing non-resident citizens to participate in political processes, including voting or standing as an election candidate, as part of extended citizenship measures.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant enfranchisement, emigrant engagement policies, extra-territorial voting, non-resident citizens, out-of- country voting, voting from abroad.
Source: Adapted from Collyer, M., & Vathi, Z. (2007). Patterns of extraterritorial voting. (Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty Working Papers Series, No. T22). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08c09e5274a31e0000f5e/WP-T22.pdf.
F
first country of asylum (tr: ilk sığınma ülkesi)
Within some asylum systems, for a particular applicant for international protection, a state where he or she has already been granted international protection, that remains accessible and effective for the individual concerned.
See also asylum-seeker, right to asylum.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
forced return (tr: zorla geri gönderme)
The act of returning an individual, against his or her will, to the country of origin, transit or to a third country that agrees to receive the person, generally carried out on the basis of an administrative or judicial act or decision.
See also assisted voluntary return and reintegration, voluntary return.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
free movement agreements (tr: serbest dolaşım anlaşmaları)
An agreement that provides freedom of entry and residence into another state that is a party to the agreement.
See also freedom of movement.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
freedom of movement (tr: dolaşım özgürlüğü, dolaşım serbestisi)
Inherent right of individuals to travel without constraints either within or across borders, as outlined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
See also free movement agreements.
Source: Pécoud, A. (2013). Freedom of movement. In I. Ness (Ed.), The encyclopedia of global human migration. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm241; De Genova, N. & Nathalie Peutz (Eds.). (2010). The deportation regime: Sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. Duke University Press.
G
Global North (tr: Küresel Kuzey)
The “Global North” is a socio-economic and political term that refers to the world’s wealthier, more developed countries, primarily located in the Northern Hemisphere. Historically, the Global North consisted of countries in North America, Western Europe, and parts of Asia, especially Japan. The term is often used in contrast with the “Global South,” which describes the less economically developed nations, mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.
See also Global South.
Source: Adapted from Dados, N. & Connell, R. (2012). The global south. Contexts, 11(1), 12-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504212436479; Braff, L., & Nelson, K. (2022). The global north: Introducing the region. In N. T. Fernandez & K. Nelson (Eds.), Gendered lives. https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/genderedlives/chapter/chapter-15-the-global-north-introducing-the-region/.
Global South (tr: Küresel Güney)
The “Global South” refers to countries that are less economically developed, primarily situated in the Southern Hemisphere. Historically, this term encompassed nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It’s a socio-economic and political descriptor that contrasts with the “Global North,” which denotes the world’s wealthier, more developed countries. The distinction between the Global North and South is not strictly geographical; instead, it emphasizes disparities in development, wealth, and often power on the global stage. The Global South is also frequently engaged in discussions about post-colonialism, economic dependencies, and global inequalities.
See also Global North.
Source: Adapted from Dados, N. & Connell, R. (2012). The global south. Contexts, 11(1), 12-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504212436479; Braff, L., & Nelson, K. (2022). The global north: Introducing the region. In N. T. Fernandez & K. Nelson (Eds.), Gendered lives. https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/genderedlives/chapter/chapter-15-the-global-north-introducing-the-region/.
H
highly skilled migrant (tr: yüksek nitelikli (çok vasıflı) göçmen)
A migrant worker who has earned, by higher level education or occupational experience, the level of skill or qualifications typically needed to practice a highly skilled occupation.
See also low-skilled migrant worker, brain circulation, brain drain, brain gain.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
home country (tr: köken ülke, menşe (kaynak) ülke)
See also country of origin.
home state (tr: köken devlet, menşe (kaynak) devlet)
See also state of origin.
homeland (tr: anavatan)
See also country of origin, home country.
hometown associations (tr: hemşeri dernekleri)
Organizations of migrants from the same town or city in a host country who congregate primarily for social and mutual-aid purposes.
See also diaspora organizations.
Source: Adapted from Caglar, A. (2006). Hometown associations, the rescaling of state spatiality and migrant grassroots transnationalism. Global Networks, 6(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00130.x.
host country (tr: ev sahibi ülke)
See also country of destination.
I
identity document (tr: kimlik belgesi)
An official piece of documentation issued by the competent authority of a state designed to prove the identity of the person carrying it.
See also passport.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
illegal migrant (tr: yasa dışı göçmen)
See also irregular migrant.
immigrant (tr: gelen göçmen)
From the perspective of the country of arrival, a person who moves into a country other than that of his or her nationality or usual residence, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence.
See also migrant, emigrant.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
international migration (tr: uluslararası göç)
The movement of persons who leave their country of origin, or the country of habitual residence, to establish themselves either permanently or temporarily in another country. An international frontier is therefore crossed.
See also circular migration, emigration, exit, labor migration, migration, mobility.
Kaynak: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2. Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
involuntary return (tr: istemsiz dönüş)
Forced migration back to one’s country of origin, either through non-consensual means like deportation or through accepted yet pressured methods such as assisted return.
See also readmission agreement, eturn migration, voluntary return.
Source: Adapted from Bivand Erdal, M. (2020). Migration, forced. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International encyclopedia of human geography (2nd Ed., pp. 105- 110). PRIO. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10336-1.
irregular migrant (tr: düzensiz göçmen)
A person who, owing to unauthorized entry, breach of a condition of entry, or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country. The definition covers inter alia those persons who have entered a transit or host country lawfully but have stayed for a longer period than authorized or subsequently taken up unauthorized employment (also called clandestine/undocumented migrant or migrant in an irregular situation). The term “irregular” is preferable to “illegal” because the latter carries a criminal connotation and is seen as denying migrants’ humanity.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
irregular migration (tr: düzensiz göç)
Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of irregular migration. From the perspective of destination countries, it is entry, stay or work in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required under immigration regulations. From the perspective of the sending country, the irregularity is for example seen in cases in which a person crosses an international boundary without a valid passport or travel document or does not fulfil the administrative requirements for leaving the country.
See also illegal migrant, irregular migration.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
J
jus sanguinis (tr: kan esası)
A rule defining a person’s nationality based on the nationality of his or her parents (or one parent or one particular parent), at the time of the person’s birth or at a later point in the person’s life.
See also acquisition of nationality, nationality, jus soli.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
jus soli (tr: toprak esası)
A rule defining a person’s nationality based on his or her birth in the territory of the country.
See also acquisition of nationality, nationality, jus sanguinis.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
L
labor migration (tr: iş gücü göçü)
Movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment. Labour migration is addressed by most states in their migration laws. In addition, some states take an active role in regulating outward labour migration and seeking opportunities for their nationals abroad.
See also bilateral labor agreements, migrant worker, skilling, temporary migrant workers.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
loss of nationality (tr: tabiiyet kaybı, vatandaşlığın kaybı)
Loss of the status as citizen of a country (voluntarily or involuntarily, automatically or by an act of the public authorities). The main types of loss are renunciation by the person concerned and revocation of citizenship by the law or by a decision of public authorities. Revocation includes withdrawal and lapse (i.e., automatic loss ex lege).
See also acquisition of nationality, denationalization, deprivation of nationality.
Source: GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/.
low-skilled migrant worker (tr: az/düşük nitelikli (vasıflı) göçmen işçi)
A migrant worker whose level of education, occupational experience, or qualifications make them eligible to practice a typically low skilled occupation only.
See also highly skilled migrant.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
M
migrant (tr: göçmen)
An umbrella term, not defined under international law, reflecting the common lay understanding of a person who moves away from his or her place of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons. The term includes a number of well‐defined legal categories of people, such as migrant workers; persons whose particular types of movements are legally defined, such as smuggled migrants; as well as those whose status or means of movement are not specifically defined under international law, such as international students.
See also emigrant, immigrant.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
migrant worker (tr: göçmen işçi)
A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a national. Article 2(1) of the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families Art.
See also bilateral labor agreements, labor migration, temporary migrant workers.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
migration (tr: göç)
The movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a state. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition, and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification.
See also circular migration, emigration, exit, international migration, labor migration, mobility.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2. Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
migration governance (tr: göç yönetişimi)
The combined frameworks of legal norms, laws and regulations, policies, and traditions as well as organizational structures (subnational, national, regional and international) and the relevant processes that shape and regulate States’ approaches with regard to migration in all its forms, addressing rights and responsibilities and promoting international cooperation.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant engagement policies, exit policies, return policies.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
mobility (tr: hareketlilik)
Movement of people across different geographical locations, whether temporarily or permanently.
See also migration, international migration.
N
nationality (tr: tabiiyet, uyrukluk)
The legal bond between an individual and a state as recognized in international law. The tie of nationality confers individual rights and imposes obligations that a State reserves for its population. The terms nationality and citizenship are frequently treated as synonyms. When distinguished, citizenship indicates the internal legal relation between an individual and a state, while the term nationality refers to the international relations between states and to the relation of a state to its nationals living abroad on the one hand, and to the citizens of other states residing in its territory, on the other. Nationality carries with it certain consequences as regards migration, such as a state’s duty to accept its nationals onto its territory and the prohibition of expelling them, and its right of to protect its nationals against violations of their individual rights committed by foreign authorities (particularly by means of diplomatic protection).
See also acquisition of nationality, citizenship, loss of nationality.
Source: Adapted from GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/; European Migration Network. (2023). European Migration Network asylum and migration glossary (Version 10.0). https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary_en; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
naturalization (tr: vatandaşlığa alınma)
All modes of acquisition after birth other than those for which birth in the territory or to citizen parents is a condition. In a narrower sense, naturalization is sometimes used to indicate the specific procedure through which citizenship can be acquired, which requires an application by this person or his or her legal representative as well as an act of granting citizenship by a public authority. In this second sense, a naturalization procedure differs from declaration or option procedures that may provide a facilitated and/or less discretionary acquisition.
See also acquisition of nationality, denationalization.
Source: GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/.
non-resident citizen (tr: dışarıda yerleşik vatandaş)
Citizen residing in another country.
See also diaspora, domestic abroad, emigrant, overseas citizen.
Source: Adapted from Ciornei, I., & Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2015). Emigration and turnout. Determinants of non-resident citizen electoral mobilization in home country legislative elections. Congrès ASFP Aix, 1-19. https://www.afsp.info/archives/congres/congres2015/st/st5/st5ciorneiostergaard.pdf.
non-residents’ voting / candidacy rights (tr: dışarıda yerleşik vatandaşların seçme ve seçilme hakları)
The right of persons without residence in the country where the election is held to cast a vote or to stand as candidate. These rights can only be exercised by citizens of the country.
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant enfranchisement, emigrant engagement policies external voting rights, extra-territorial voting, voting from abroad.
Source: GLOBALCIT. (2020). Glossary on citizenship and electoral rights. European University Institute Global Citizenship Observatory. https://globalcit.eu/glossary/
O
origin country (tr: köken ülke, menşe (kaynak) ülke)
See also country of origin.
origin state (tr: köken devlet, menşe (kaynak) devlet)
See also state of origin.
out-of-country voting (tr: yurt dışından oy verme)
See also external voting, extraterritorial voting, voting from abroad.
overseas citizen (tr: yurt dışı vatandaş)
See also diaspora, domestic abroad, emigrant non-resident citizen.
P
passport (tr: pasaport)
A document issued by the competent authority of a state, valid for international travels, which identifies the holder as a national of the issuing state and constitutes evidence of the holder’s right to return to that state. Passports are an accepted international evidence of nationality, although their evidentiary value is prima facie only. The issuance of a passport facilitates the exercise of the human right to leave any country and to return to one’s own country. States that fail to provide their nationals with passports may breach the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
See also identity document, travel documents.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
post-migratory processes (tr: göç sonrası süreçler)
Processes that are related to the social, political, economic, and cultural conditions of migrants after the act of migration.
R
readmission agreement (tr: geri kabul anlaşması)
Readmission agreements are binding bilateral or multilateral agreements between states that establish and facilitate the bases, procedures, and modalities for one state to promptly and in an orderly manner return non-nationals who do not or no longer fulfill the conditions for entry or stay on its territory. This is principally to the individual’s state of origin but may also be - albeit less often - to a state through which non-nationals have transited. Such agreements are thus administrative tools used to articulate jointly agreed-upon procedures for the return of irregular migrants, failed asylum seekers and those no longer in need of international protection. Readmission agreements can manifest themselves in different forms which can include standard readmission agreements, police cooperation agreements, memoranda of understanding, exchanges of letters, and the like.
See also forced return, involuntary return, repatriation.
Source: IOM. (n.d.). Readmission. (Global Compact Thematic Paper). https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/our_work/ODG/GCM/IOM-Thematic-Paper-Readmission.pdf.
recognition of qualifications (tr: niteliklerin tanınması)
A formal acknowledgement by a competent authority of the value of a foreign educational qualification with a view to access to educational and/or employment activities.
Source: Council of Europe Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications Concerning Higher Education in the European Region (ETS No. 165), April 11, 1997, https://rm.coe.int/168007f2c7.
re-emigration (tr: ülkeden tekrar göç)
The movement of a person who, after having returned to his or her country of origin, emigrates again.
See also emigration, exit, return.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
refugee (tr: mülteci)
A person who, owing to a well‐founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. Adapted from 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees Article 1A(2).
See also asylum-seeker, right to asylum.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
reintegration (tr: yeniden entegrasyon)
A process which enables individuals to re-establish the economic, social, and psychosocial relationships needed to maintain life, livelihood and dignity and inclusion in civic life. Reintegration has various dimensions: Social reintegration implies the access by a returning migrant to public services and infrastructures in his or her country of origin, including access to health, education, housing, justice, and social protection schemes. Psychosocial reintegration is the reinsertion of a returning migrant into personal support networks (friends, relatives, neighbors) and civil society structures (associations, self-help groups and other organizations). This also includes the re-engagement with the values, mores, way of living, language, moral principles, ideology, and traditions of the country of origin’s society. Economic reintegration is the process by which a returning migrant re-enters the economic life of his or her country of origin and is able sustain a livelihood.
See also assisted voluntary return and reintegration, return migration, return policies, returnee.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
remittances (tr: işçi dövizleri)
Personal monetary transfers, cross border or within the same country, made by migrants to individuals or communities with whom the migrant has links.
See also economic remittances, social remittances.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
repatriation (tr: köken ülkeye dönüş)
The return of a prisoner of war, refugee, civil detainee, or of a civilian to his or her country of nationality. This concept is mostly used in conflict and forced displacement contexts and is considered as form of return migration occurring under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments. The term is also frequently used to refer to the repatriation of diplomatic envoys and international officials in time of international crisis as well as of non-resident citizens caught in a crisis or disaster.
See also return, return migration, returnee, right to repatriation, right to return.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
residence (tr: ikamet)
The act or fact of living in a given place for some time; the place where one actually lives as distinguished from a domicile. Residence usually means bodily presence as an inhabitant in a given place. Unlike residence, domicile usually requires bodily presence and an intention to make the place one’s home. A person thus may have more than one residence at a time but only one domicile.
See also country of usual residence, domicile.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
return (tr: dönüş)
In a general sense, the act or process of going back or being taken back to the point of departure. This could be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning internally displaced persons (IDPs) and demobilized combatants, or between a country of destination or transit and a country of origin, as in the case of migrant workers, refugees, or asylum-seekers. A number of subcategories of return describe the various ways in which the return is implemented, e.g., voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous return; as well as subcategories which describe who is participating in the return, e.g., repatriation (for refugees or prisoners of war).
See also forced return, involuntary return, repatriation, return migration, returnee, right to return, voluntary return.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
return migration (tr: dönüş göçü)
In the context of international migration, the movement of persons returning to their country of origin after having moved away from their place of habitual residence and crossed an international border. This return may or may not be voluntary. Return migration includes voluntary repatriation.
See also assisted voluntary return and reintegration, reintegration, return, return policies, returnee, right to return.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.) (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf; Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
return policies (tr: dönüş politikaları)
Laws, rules, measures, and practices implemented by national states with the objective to influence the volume, origin, destination, and internal composition of return migration.
See also assisted voluntary return and reintegration, reintegration, return migration, returnee.
Source: Adapted from De Haas, H., & Vezzoli, S. (2011, April). Leaving matters: the nature, evolution and effects of emigration policies (International Migration Institute Working Papers Series, No. 34). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6632387d-eb4b-4edc-b212-4a8cfefa80dd.
returnee (tr: dönen göçmen)
A person returning to their country of origin after having moved away from their place of habitual residence and crossed an international border.
See also emigrant, reintegration, return migration.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
right to asylum (tr: sığınma hakkı)
The right of the state, in virtue of its territorial sovereignty and in the exercise of its discretion, to allow a non-national to enter and reside, and to resist the exercise of jurisdiction by any state over that individual.
See also asylum-seeker, first country of asylum.
Source: European Migration Network. (2023). European Migration Network asylum and migration glossary (Version 10.0). https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary_en.
right to consular protection and assistance (tr: konsolosluk koruması ve yardımı hakkı)
Non-resident citizens have the right to receive adequate consular and other necessary services from the home state to address their social, cultural, and other needs in the host state, as well as protection for their rights and interests against any infringements by the host state. This is particularly important in cases where non-resident citizens are arrested, sentenced to prison, held in custody pending trial, or detained in any other manner.
See also consular registration, consular services.
Source: Adapted from United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf; Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
right to leave (tr: ayrılma hakkı)
“Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own.” (Article 13(2), 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights). This right was set down in other international law instruments, for example in Art. 12(2) of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states: “Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his own.” According to the Article 12(3), this right can be restricted by the states only in certain circumstances: “The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any restrictions except those which are provided by law, are necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in the present Covenant.” The right to leave is an aspect of the right to freedom of movement, and it applies to all persons without distinction. There is, however, no corollary right to enter the territory of a country under international law.
See also emigration, emigration policies, exit.
Source: Adapted from Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2. Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf; United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.
right to repatriation (tr: köken ülkeye dönme hakkı)
The personal right of a prisoner of war, refugee, civil detainee, or of a civilian to return to his or her country of nationality under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments such as 1949 Geneva Conventions and 1977 Protocols, the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annexed to the 1907 Fourth Hague Convention, human rights instruments as well as customary international law.
The option of repatriation is bestowed upon the individual personally and not upon the detaining power. In the law of international armed conflict, repatriation also entails the obligation of the detaining power to release eligible persons (soldiers and civilians) and the duty of the country of origin to receive its own nationals at the end of hostilities. Within refugee law, Article 5 of the 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa stipulates that repatriation should always be voluntary and no refugee shall be repatriated against his will. It also imposes an obligation upon the country of asylum to “make adequate arrangements for the safe return of refugees who request repatriation” and on the country of origin to “facilitate their resettlement and grant them the full rights and privileges of nationals of the country, and subject them to the same obligations.”
See also repatriation, return, return migration, right to return.
Source: Adapted from Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
right to return (tr: dönüş hakkı)
An element of the right to freedom of movement. As the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 13(2) puts forward: “Everyone shall be free to return to one’s own country.” The right to return is also stipulated in Article 12(4) of the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): “No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.” The right to return under Article 12(4) is not subject to the same restrictions as the paragraph 2 (setting down the right to leave) of the same Article, which permit restrictions to protect national security, public order, public health or morals, or the rights and freedoms of others. According to the Human Rights Committee, the authoritative UN body for interpreting the ICCPR, “there are few, if any, circumstances in which deprivation of the right to enter one’s own country could be reasonable.” States can derogate from their responsibilities under Article 12(4) only during the extreme circumstances described in Article 4 of the Covenant: “In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, color, sex, language, religion or social origin.”
See also return, return migration, right to leave, right to repatriation.
Source: Adapted from Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf; United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights; Human Rights Watch. (n.d.). Human rights policy on the right to return. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/israel/return/iccpr-rtr.htm.
S
sending country (tr: gönderen ülke)
A country from which people leave to settle abroad permanently or temporarily.
See also country of origin, state of origin.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
sending country policies (tr: göçmen gönderen ülke politikaları)
See also diaspora engagement policies, emigrant engagement policies.
skilling (tr: beceri kazandırma)
In the migration context, from the home state perspective, the advancement of a migrant’s skills and/or knowledge in order to increase the likelihood of his/her emigration for overseas employment.
Within large migrant-sending nations, governments have come to use skilling for export as a development strategy, encouraging the overproduction of particular professions in the hope that these individuals will migrate overseas and send remittances back to the country.
See also brain waste, deskilling, emigration policies, labor mgiration.
Source: Adapted from Ortiga, Y. (2020). Shifting employabilities: skilling migrants in the nation of emigration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(10), 2270- 2287. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731985.
social remittances (tr: sosyal sermaye transferi)
The transfer of ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital from migrants to their communities of origin.
See also remittances, economic remittances.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
social security agreements (tr: sosyal güvenlik anlaşmaları)
Agreements signed between two or more countries to coordinate the provision of social security entitlements, and to improve access to and the portability of social security rights for migrants.
Source: Adapted from Taha, N., Siegmann, K. A., & Messkoub, M. (2015). How portable is social security for migrant workers? A review of the literature. International Social Security Review, 68(1), 95-118.
state of origin (tr: köken devlet, menşe (kaynak) devlet)
The state of which the person concerned is a national. 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, Article. 6(a).
See also home state, origin state.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
stranded migrant (tr: mahsur kalmış göçmen)
Migrants who are unable to return to their country of origin, cannot regularize their status in the country where they reside, and do not have access to legal migration opportunities that would enable them to move on to another state. The term may also refer to migrants who are stranded because of humanitarian or security reasons in the country of destination, transit or origin preventing them to return home while they are also unable to go elsewhere.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
T
temporary migrant workers (tr: geçici göçmen işçiler)
Skilled, semi-skilled or untrained workers who remain in the destination country for definite periods as determined in a work contract with an individual worker or a service contract concluded with an enterprise. Also called contract migrant workers.
See also bilateral labor agreements, labor migration, migrant worker, temporary migration.
Source: Perruchhoud, R. & Redpath-Cross. J. (Eds.). (2011). Glossary on migration (2nd Ed.). IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
temporary migration (tr: geçici göç)
Migration for a specific motivation and purpose with the intention to return to the country of origin or habitual residence after a limited period of time or to undertake an onward movement.
See also temporary migrant workers.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
transfer of sentenced persons (tr: hükümlülerin nakli)
Process by which individuals convicted of crimes in one country can serve their sentences in their home countries, intended to facilitate their social rehabilitation.
See also extradition.
Source: Adapted from Council of Europe Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (ETS No. 112), March 21, 1983, https://rm.coe.int/1680079529.
transnational (tr: ulusaşırı / ulusötesi)
Extending or going beyond national boundaries.
See also diaspora organizations, transnational community.
Source: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Transnational. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/transnational.
transnational community (tr: ulusaşırı / ulusötesi topluluk)
Migrant communities that maintain economic, political, and social networks spanning several societies, whose membership is defined by common country of origin or a shared identity.
See also diaspora organizations, transnational.
Source: Adapted from Al-Ali, N. & Koser, K. (2003). Transnationalism, International Migration and Home. In N. Al-Ali & K. Koser (Eds.), New approaches to migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of home (pp.1-14). Routledge.
travel documents (tr: seyahat belgeleri)
A document issued by a government or by an international treaty organization which is accepted as a proof of identity for the purpose of crossing international borders. Passports and visas are the most widely used forms of travel documents. States also accept identity cards or other documents such as residence permits.
See also exit visa, identity document, passport, visa.
Source: Adapted from European Migration Network. (2023). European Migration Network asylum and migration glossary (Version 10.0). https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary_en; Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
V
visa (tr: vize)
An endorsement by the competent authorities of a state in a passport or a certificate of identity of a non‐national who wishes to enter, leave, or transit through the territory of the state that indicates that the authority, at the time of issuance, considers the holder to fall within a category of non‐nationals who can enter, leave or transit the state under the state’s laws. A visa establishes the criteria of admission into, transit through or exit from a state.
See also exit visa, travel documents.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
voluntary return (tr: gönüllü dönüş)
The assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or another country based on the voluntary decision of the returnee.
See also migration, involuntary return, return migration.
Source: Sironi, A., Bauloz, C. & Emmanuel, M. (Eds.). (2019). Glossary on migration. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf.
voting from abroad (tr: yurt dışından oy verme)
See also external voting rights, extra-territorial voting, out-of-country voting.